Office Document Converter to PDF

Office Converter to PDF | 1 Mb

Next time I will mengshare converter application to convert office files (word, excel, etc) into a PDF type is the most convenient and practical, this is not exactly converter application just because it is similar to the function can change the file type to say something like like that.

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Trend Micro Mobile Security Full For Symbian 3rd/5th Signed

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Special Allocation Fund

Special Allocation Fund ( DAK ) is sourced funds from the state budget revenues were allocated to certain areas in order to help fund special activities that are regional affairs and in accordance with national priorities . The funds are used to finance infrastructure and basic public services ( physical activity ) that have not reached a certain standard or to accelerate regional development . DAK scale set in the state budget every year .

LEGAL BASIS
• Law No. 33 of 2004 on Fiscal Balance between the Central Government and Local Government , and
• Government Regulation Number 55 Year 2005 on Fund Balance ,

DAK ALLOCATION MECHANISM
• DAK allocation criteria , namely :
General criteria , formulated based on fiscal capacity , as reflected in the general budget revenue expenditure net of PNSD ;
Special criteria , formulated by legislation governing the implementation of special autonomy and regional characteristics , and
Technical criteria , which is based on indicators that can describe the condition of facilities and infrastructure , and technical achievements in the implementation of DAK .
• Calculation of DAK allocation is done in two stages , namely :
Determination of the specific areas that receive DAK , and
Determination of the amount of DAK allocation of each region.
• Determination of Specific Areas must meet the general criteria , specific criteria and technical criteria .
• The amount of DAK allocation of each region is determined by calculating an index based on the general criteria , specific criteria and technical criteria .
• DAK allocation per area defined by the Regulation of the Minister of Finance .

DIRECTIONS TO DAK

    DAK Education , which is geared to support the implementation of the Compulsory Education program ( Fair ) 9 -year basic education quality , which is intended for SD , both public and private , are prioritized in disadvantaged areas , remote areas , border areas , disaster-prone areas , and coastal areas and small pulaupulau .
    DAK Health , which aimed to improve health care , especially in order to accelerate the decline in Maternal Mortality Rate ( MMR ) and Infant Mortality Rate ( IMR ) ; improve health care for poor families and communities in remote areas , lagging , borders , and archipelago , through increased outreach and quality of health services , particularly for procurement , improvement , and repair of facilities and infrastructure health centers , and networks including village health post , hospital and provincial / district / city for health care referrals , as well as the provision of facilities / infrastructure supporting health services in the county / city .
    DAK Family Planning , which aimed to improve the coverage and quality of services force field line planning program , service infrastructure Communication , Information , Education and Communication ( IEC ) / advocacy planning program ; infrastructure services at family planning clinics , and means of care and coaching child development in order to reduce the birth rate and population growth rate , and improve family well-being and resilience .
    DAK Infrastructure Road and Bridge , which are directed to maintain and improve service levels provincial roads , district , and city in order to improve the distribution of passengers , goods and services , and the products are prioritized to support agriculture , industry , and tourism so as to facilitate growth regional economy .
    DAK irrigation infrastructure , which aimed to maintain and improve service levels , including network infrastructure, irrigation systems and irrigation reclaimed swamp villages into the affairs of the district / city and province, particularly in the area of national and regional barns left in order to support the improvement of food security .
    DAK Agriculture , which aimed to improve agricultural infrastructure at the farm level , in order to increase production in order to support national food security .
    DAK Marine and Fisheries , which aimed to improve the facilities and infrastructure of production , processing , quality improvement , marketing , and supervision , and the provision of facilities and infrastructure in coastal areas and the empowerment of small islands .
    DAK Infrastructure Regional Government , which aimed to improve the performance of the region in carrying out the development and expansion of local public services , and priority is given to areas affected by the expansion of 2007-2008 , as well as used for construction / expansion / rehabilitation of total building office / regents / mayors , and construction / expansion / rehabilitation of total DPRD office building , with regard to the calculation of DAK allocation criteria .
    DAK Rural Infrastructure , which is devoted exclusively to disadvantaged areas , and aimed to improve the accessibility and availability of basic infrastructure to facilitate the flow of passengers, staples , and other agricultural products from the production centers in rural areas to marketing .

COACH DANA
• The area receiving it shall make Matching Funds of at least 10 % of the value it receives to fund DAK physical activity.
• Matching Funds shall be budgeted in the current fiscal year budget .
 

CASE

JAKARTA , MONDAY - Realization of the Special Allocation Fund or DAK in 2008 reported to be very low . It is characterized by the Finance Ministry note which states that of all the areas that get DAK allocation , only 35 percent are managed using a 30 percent share of DAK as much as 90 percent to date .

Director General of the Ministry of Finance Fiscal Balance Mardiasmo disclose it in Jakarta , Monday ( 25/8 ) when speaking at Seminar of Regional Finance and Local Governance . According Mardiasmo , fund transfer in 2008 using the new mechanism , which is paid by the Treasury to the acceptance of any region in four parts . The first part is paid as much as 30 percent of quota at the beginning of the year , and 30 percent if the first allotment has been proven to be used correctly , and then again after a 30 percent share of the two runs , and 10 percent at the end of last year.

However , until the eighth month , most of the area receiving it has not filed a new application for the second phase of fund transfer , which should have been paid in the second quarter of 2008. As a result , DAK targeted at Rp 21.1 trillion potentially be used entirely in 2008.

If they do not also submit an application by the end of the second tranche of 2008 , then the rest of the DAK certain quota forfeited . They also can not ask the rest of the DAK at the end of the year , because the fund transfer to the new system this can only be done gradually . " If the first stage has not been requested , then the second stage we will not melt . And so on , " said Mardiasmo
Sources : http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2008/08/25/16492123

DISCUSSION

As of the first quarter DAK realization only reached 35 % of the entire area to successfully use its 30 percent share of DAK . This of course raises a question mark Why ? DAK which is the shopping capital of the local government to stimulate the economy of the region as capital expenditure in fact many are not fully realized so that it can inhibit the growth of interconnected economy and public services . Fund transfer in 2008 using a new mechanism that is paid in increments over four sections . And if 30 % DAK first part is not being used optimally then DAK second stage can not be cashed , until the end of the year if not availed DAK DAK then rest assured that a quota forfeited .

Implications DAK low absorption and disproportionate :

1. Activities that are not taken immediately at the beginning of the fiscal year led to government programs or services to the public can not be done quickly .
2. DAK delays are shopping for goods / services do not lead to optimal economic activity in the early years of the program .

The factors causing low realization of DAK is as follows :

•  Unpreparedness of the program.
•  Lack of understanding on the implementation of the provisions of the budget
•  Lack of understanding of the procedures of payment and fund transfer .
• DAK use the first stage can not be justified by either , so do not dare to make DAK 2nd stage as careful with the Commission and other legal institutions , or already well-established financial area at this time .

In order to further optimize the absorption of DAK funds needed strategic efforts and anticipatory facing these issues , among others :

• The planning of the program or activity that either , so expect the absorption DAK can be used optimally for the implementation of activities and local government spending.
• Understanding of the provision and payment mechanism
• Implementing mechanism uses a fast DAK funds , as needed , transparent and Modern.
• Appoint treasury officials in accordance with academic background and have the ability to carry it out as well as timely .

Connectify Hotspot Profesional Full

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Connectify Hotspot using software router hotspot ( SoftAP ) for Windows computers that uses the built -in Wi - Fi card to wirelessly share your PC Internet connection available with friends, co-workers , and mobile devices . Wi - Fi -enabled can see and join your hotspot just like Wi - Fi access point and are kept safe other - and - secure by password- protected WPA2 Encryption . With Connectify Hotspot users can share the 3G connection , 4G internet connection , and even Wi - Fi network to share the commercial with all the other mobile devices , while paying only access on a laptop .

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AUDIT

DEFINITION OF AUDIT

In general auditing is a systematic process for obtaining and evaluating evidence objectively on the allegations about the activities and economic events , with the aim to determine the level of compatibility between these statements with pre-defined criteria , as well as the delivery of results to the users of certain related .

Audit is the process of collecting and evaluating evidence about the information that can be measured on an economic entity . Economic entity is the entity or person conducting business .

The general definition of auditing has critical elements outlined below :

    A systematic process . The form of a series of logical steps or procedures , bererangka and organized .
    To obtain and evaluate evidence objectively . The systematic process for obtaining evidence indicated that underlie the statements made by an individual or a business entity , as well as evaluate without partiality or prejudice against such evidence .
    Statements regarding events and economic events . What is meant by the statement of activities and events here are the results economic accounting process.

  Determine the level of compliance . Gathering evidence about the statement and evaluation of the results of evidence gathering is intended to establish the suitability of the statement with the predefined criteria. Established criteria . Can be:
- Regulations established by a legislative body .
- Budget or any other performance measures determined by management .
- Generally acceptable accounting principles

Delivery of results . Submission of the results of auditing is often referred to as attestation ( Attestation ) .
Interested users . Are users of financial information such as : shareholders , management , creditors , potential investors and creditors , and the tax office .

The difference between the Accounting Audit If Accounting is proof of the transaction until the start of the financial statements , and vice versa if the start of the audit of financial statements until the transaction receipt


AUDIT REPORT

Content of the audit report attached to the standard form format established by the Indonesian Institute of Accountants ( IAI ) . In the auditor's report expressing their concerns about the fairness of the audited financial statements . The auditor's opinion is presented in the form of a written report which is generally a standard form of audit reports . Audit reports consist of three paragraphs : an introductory paragraph ( introductory paragraph ) , the scope of the audit paragraphs ( scope paragraph ) and paragraph opinion (opinion paragraph ) . Included an introductory paragraph as the first paragraph audit report raw form . There are three facts disclosed by the auditor in the introductory paragraph : ( 1 ) the type of services provided by the auditor , ( 2 ) the object of the audit, ( 3 ) the disclosure of management responsibilities to the financial statements and the auditor's responsibility for the opinion given on the financial statements berdasarkanhasil audit . Scope of the audit paragraphs contain a concise statement of the scope of the audit conducted by the auditor , the opinion paragraph contain a concise statement of the auditor's opinion on the fairness of the audited financial statements .

Opinions paragraph

  There are five basic types of audit reports issued by the auditor :

    Report containing an unqualified opinion ( unqualified opinion report) .
    Report containing an unqualified opinion with explanatory language ( unqualified opinion with an explanatory report language) .
    Report that contains a qualified opinion ( qualified opinion report) .
    Reports that contain unnatural opinion ( adverse opinion report) .
    Report in which the auditor does not express an opinion ( disclaimer of opinion report ) .

Unqualified opinion ( Unqualified Opinion )

 The opinion given by the auditor if there is no limitation in the scope of the audit and there are significant exceptions regarding the fairness and application of generally acceptable accounting principles in the preparation of the financial statements , as well as adequate disclosures in the financial statements .

 Reasonable in the opinion paragraph word has meaning : ( 1 ) free from doubt and dishonesty , ( 2 ) complete information. Considered the financial statements present fairly the financial position and results of operations of an organization , in accordance with generally acceptable accounting principles , if they meet the following conditions :

a. Generally acceptable accounting principles used to prepare financial statements .

b . Changes in the application of generally acceptable accounting principles from period to period have sukup described .

c . Information in the records that support it have been described and explained in the financial statements fairly , in accordance with generally acceptable accounting principles .

Contains reports Unqualified Opinion with Explanatory Language ( Unqualified Opinion with Explanatory Report Language)

 If there are things that need clarification language , but still the financial statements present fairly the financial position and results of operations of client companies .

Naturally, with the exception Opinion ( Qualified Opinion )

 If the auditors find the following conditions :

    Limited by the scope of the audit client .
    Auditors can not perform audit procedures to obtain important or not important information for the conditions that are beyond the power of the client and the auditor .
    The financial statements are not prepared with generally acceptable accounting principles .
    Generally acceptable accounting principles used in the preparation of the financial statements are not applied consistently .

This opinion is given the auditor if the auditor audit found one of the conditions 1 to 4 as above , and if the overall financial statement presented by the client is reasonable .

Opinions Not Fair ( Adverse Opinion )

 Is the opposite unqualified opinion . This opinion is given if the client's financial statements are not prepared on generally acceptable accounting principles that do not present fairly the financial position , results of operations , changes in retained earnings , and cash flows of the client company . As well as the limited scope of the auditor does not audit .

Statement Not Giving Opinions ( Disclaimer of Opinion )

 If the auditor does not express an opinion on the audited financial statements , the report was referred to the reports without opinion . Conditions that led to her as follows :

1 . Barring exceptional nature of the audit scope .

2 . The auditor is not independent in relation to client premises .

3 . The financial statements provided by the company are not reported in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards .

TYPE OF AUDITOR

Grouped into three categories : independent auditors , government auditors , and internal auditors .

Independent Auditors

 Independent auditor is the auditor professionals who provide services to the general public , especially in the field of audit of financial statements made ​​by his client . The audit indicated primarily to meet the needs of users of financial information such as lenders , investors , prospective creditors , potential investors , and government agencies . To practice as an independent auditor , a person must meet the requirements of specific education and work experience . Independent auditor must have graduated from the faculty of economics or accounting majors have equated diploma , has a degree from the accountants Expert Advisory Committee Equation Accountant diploma , and obtain a license from the Minister of Finance .

Government auditors

 Government auditors are professional auditors who work in government agencies who audit the task pokonya financial accountability to the government . Although there are many auditors who work in government agencies , but generally called the government auditor is the auditor who worked on the Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPK ) and the state audit agency ( BPK ) , and the tax authorities .

Internal auditor

    Internal Auditor is an auditor who works in the company ( State or private companies ) that the main task is to determine whether the policies and procedures established by top management are adhered to , to determine whether or not his wealth preservation of the organization, to determine the reliability of the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization's activities procedures , and to determine the reliability of the information generated by various parts of the organization . Service users are generally the Board of Commissioners and Director of the company .

TYPE AUDIT

 Audits are generally classified into three categories : financial statement audits , compliance audits , operational audits .

Audit of Financial Statements ( Financial Statement Audit )

 Audits are conducted by independent auditors on the financial statements presented by the client to express an opinion about the fairness of the financial lapora . In a financial statement audit , the independent auditor assess the fairness of the financial statements on the basis of conformity with accounting principles generally acceptable .

Compliance Audit ( Compliance Audit )

 Audit compliance audit objective was to determine whether the audit in accordance with certain conditions or regulations . Results of compliance audits generally dilaorkan to the authorities making criteria .

Operational Audit ( Operational Audit )

 Operational audit is a systematic review of the organization's activities , or portions thereof , in relation to a particular destination . Operational audit objectives to :

1 . Evaluate the performance .

2 . Identify opportunities for improvement .

3 . Make recommendations for improvement or further action .

Professional Ethics

 Premise underlying the formulation of professional ethics is the need for the profession of public confidence in the quality of the services rendered by the profession , regardless of profession members who submit such services . Every profession which provides services to the community requires trust of the communities it serves . If the service user does not have confidence in the profession to clients and the public at large to be ineffective

CHARACTER  ACCOUNTANT PUBLIC

 Integrity and objectivity is very important in the life of a professional accountant . For as a practicing accountant auditor , in addition to the integrity and objectivity needed independency . Integrity is an element of the character that shows a person's ability to realize what had disanggupinya and believed the truth into reality . Objectivity is an element of the character that shows a person's ability to express reality as it is , regardless of personal interests or interests of other parties . Independent auditor is the auditor who is not affected and not affected by a variety of forces outside themselves auditor in considering the fact that in the audit met.

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SOSIOLOGI ECONOMIC

CHAPTER 1

Teenth and eighteenth centuries. these ideas do not form a coherent economic theory, but a conglomeration of value judgment, policy recommendation , and assertions about thenature of economic life. the heterogeneity of mercantilism traces in part to the diversity of persons who espoused it-philosophers  head of state , legislators , merchants , and pamphleteers from this array we may extract a few central themes.

The first concerns the mercantilists view of wealth. The wealth of a country was held to be equal to the amount of money with the possessed by that country. Moreover, mercantilists identified money with the precious metals, gold and silver. Since they conceived the total stock of wealth in the world as more or less stationary, they felt that whatever one country gained in wealth, another country lost. This contrasts with the view of modern economicsts that foreign trade often benefits both countries, even though one may run a deficit for a time. Hence the mercantilists stressed either accumulating precious metals outright or maintaining a balance of axports over imports so that precious metals would flow to the home country.

The second theme concerns the mercantilists view of power and its relation to welth. One way to increase national power many felt, was to increase national wealth. As taylor observed In the mercantilists epoch … the main over all purpose of each countrys government, in its effort to stimulate and direct or guade the countrys commerce and handicarf industries, was to foster growth of national wealth mainly for the sake of each nations policy was for growth of the relative wealth and power of the nation state as such and as compared with rival, foreign nation states

Mercantilists assumed that wealth works in the service of power and that the objectives of increasing wealth and increasing power are in essential harmony, indeed almost indistinguishable from one another.

With respect to pratical policy as well, mercatilists saw an intimate association between power and wealth. The state is the locus of power. To stimulate economic growth and the increase of wealth, the state should use this power to regulate industry and trade. It should give political and economics support by entablishing state monopolies, for in state to industries that manufacture goods for export, it should restrict imports by taxation or prohibition, it should coloniez in order both to acquired supplies of gold and silver and to secure raw materials to be worked up for export. By increasing its wealth, the state was also increasing its power.

From the standpoint of the status of economic and political variables, the mercantilists had an undifferentiated theory. By increasing wealth a state increasing its power moreover, it uses its power to increase wealth. If properly controlled, the economic and political systems cannot work at cross-purposes, they are complementary to one another.

Adam smith : The Weakening of the State’s Economis Control

Adam Smith (1723-1790) was the foremost critic of the mercantilist doctrines. From the multi-sided polemic contained in his famous wealth of nation, we may extract the following attacks on and reformulations of the basic themes of mercantilism.

With respect to wealth, smith rejected the mercantilists emphasis on money or treasure. The wealth of a nation, he argued, is found in its productive base, or its power to produce “the necessaries, comforts and conveniences of life”. Money is a medium of exchange that facilitates the allocation of these goods. The level of production depends in turn on the division of labor. The more highly specialization of labor depends in its turn on the size of the markets for the products of labor and on the availability of capital.

Consistent with this emphasis, smith denied the importance of accumulating a treasure of precious metals. Rather, to increase wealth it is necessary to develop the widest possible markets for distributing products. This reasoninglies behind his argument for maximum international trade to be attained by freeing it from tariffs and other restrictions.

Smith also revised the mercantilists ideas regarding the relations between wealth and power. While not denying that a nation’s power depends in part on its wealth, he attacked the notion that the best way to increase wealth is through direct political action. Goverments should not establish monopolies, fix tariffs, or show favoritism to certain industries. They should instead allow the power to make economic decisions to reside in the hands of the economis agents themselves. In term of power, the famous doctrine of laissez faire meant that the state should not regulate but should give business and commercial agents the power to regulate themselves. Strictly speaking, laissez faire called for a reallocation of power in society, not simply an absence of power.

Such decentralization does not, however, solve all the political problems of a society. What guarantees that individual economic agents will not misuse their power, gain control of the market, and fix prices ? smith handled this problem by two devices.

1.  He built into his theory an assumption that is a core element of the notion of the perfectly competitive market-the assumption that no individual firm has (or should have) the power to influence price or total output of an industry. No economic agent can at the same time be a political agent. Smith realized that in practice businessmen and others deliberately regulate prices and output, persons “ in the same trade seldom meet together”. He said, “but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public”. But the felt these agreements were unnatural and illegitimate. If the economiy were free, businessmen would devote their capital to the most productive enterprises, and the shares of income would find their natural level in the market. The economy regulate itself.

2.  He assumed that some general political constraints are necessary to prevent businessmen from pursuing. Their self-interest in an unbridled way. For instance, the state should provide laws to guarantee that sales and contracts are honored, the state should not grant favors to special groups in the economy. Thus even under laissez-faire assumptions, the state is not completely passive. It provides a moral, legal, and institutional setting that encourages business in general but not particular business enterprises.

Karl Marx : The State as Captive of the Bourgeoisie

   The thought of marx (1818-1814) is extremely complex, in part because he attempted to synthesize so many lines of intellectual influence that converged on him. Here we can give only the barest sketch of his view of economics and society, with special reference to his assertions about political forces.

  According to marx, every society, whatever its stage of historical development, rest on an economic foundation. Marx called this the “mode of production” of  commodities. The mode of production in turn has two components. The firs is “he forces of production,” or the physical and technological arrangement of economics activity. The second is “the social relations of production,” or  the indispensable human attachments that people must from with one another in carrying on this economic activity.

  But society is composed of more than its economic structure. Resting on it is what Marx called the “superstructure,” or that complex of legal, political, religious, aesthetic, and other institutions. That his reasoning rests on certain psychological and social as well as economic assumptions. As Hansen summarized it :

  Back of the consumption schedules is the psychological propensity to consume, back of the marginal efficiency schedule is the psychological expectation of future yields from capital assets, and back of the liquidity schedule is the psychological attitude to liquidity (expectations with respect to future interest rates). In addition to these … variables, rooted in behavior patterns and expectations, there is the quantity of money determined by the action of the central bank-an instituonal behavior pattern.

  Finally, what place did Keynes giva the political dimension in his theory ? his concern appears primarily in his discussion of public policy. It is possible, Keynes argued, for the government to influence the level of national income and employment by manipulating its ingredients-consumption, savings, investment-and their determinants. Thus, in the role of monetary policy, the government varies the interest rate and the stock of money, influencing those variables that impinge on the marginal efficiency of capital and investment. By fiscal policy the government itself spends and investment. A related set of policies affects the distribution of income-taxation, welfare measure, subsidies, and the like. If such policies make for a more nearly equal distribution of income (as graduated tax schedules do), this will increase consumption, because of the principle that those less absolute income spend larger proportion of it.

  Such governmental practice show that according to Keynes, the strictly economic aspects of the system (income, price, consumption, investment) are intricately tied to political variables (taxation policy, defense policy, welfare policy). We cannot, especially in these days of  big government, understand the workings of the economy without simultaneously knowing much about public policy. 

Conclusion 

For the economic thinkers just examined, we may observe a kind of back-and-forth movement with respect to the relations between the economic and political dimensions. For the mercantilists the purposes of the economy and the polity are nearly indistinguishable, an increase in wealth means an increase in power, and is to be used directly to increase wealth. Smith scrapped this notion of an undifferentiated economy and the polity. The state and the economy should pursue their respective as independently from one another as possible. For the economy, at least, its maximum growth will occur under conditions of free competition unfettered by political intervention.

Marx, while incorporating many features of classical economic thought, revised the classical notions on the relations between the economic and political dimensions. Insofar as he saw the purposes of the economy and polity as intimately associated, he looked back toward the mercantilists. He differed from them, however, insofar as he regarded  the polity as subordinated to economic considerationsm furthermore, he limited to role of the state to buttressing the class relations that arose from the conditions of production. Keynes again saw more autonomy than Marx in the relations between polity and economy. For him the political authority can influence the economy. But the saw this influence operating not so much through the direct exercise of  political power as  through the manipulation of key economic variables and the unfolding of the economic consequences of this manipulation.